Use of electronic signatures

With COVID-19 leading to many people working remotely, organisations need to think about how documents and contracts can be signed and concluded. While some projects will slow or stall, many routine contracts will be up for renewal in the next few months, and other transactions will be due to complete. The logistics of signing in wet ink may become impractical, with signatories dispersed around the country, and limited access to printing, scanning and post. Continue reading “Use of electronic signatures”

China effectively strengthens fight against malicious trade marks

A focus for Chinese trademark law and practice in recent years has
been strengthening the fight against malicious trademarks. On 1 November 2019, the amended Trademark Law of the People’s Republic of China (the Trademark Law) was officially implemented, in which Article 4 primarily embodies China’s determination to strengthen the fight against malicious trademarks and significantly lowers the threshold for fighting against them, while also serving as the latest weapon in the country’s crackdown. Continue reading “China effectively strengthens fight against malicious trade marks”

Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 – practical challenges for stakeholders

The Supreme Court of India has recognised the right to privacy as a fundamental right, which is intrinsic to life, personal liberty and is inseparable from human existence. To codify this right, to put in place a robust regime for data protection, and to safeguard against encroachments on privacy by state and non-state actors, the government has formulated a draft Personal Data Protection Bill 2019 (PDP Bill), which is largely inspired by the EU General Data Protection Regulation. Continue reading “Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 – practical challenges for stakeholders”

Cancellation of tax certificates, the newest measure against tax avoidance

On 1 January 2020, new regulations came into force as a consequence of several amendments published in the Mexican Official Gazette on 9 December 2019.

Among these regulations, the legislative branch introduced new powers to the Federal Tax Code under which the tax authorities will be entitled to restrict, and eventually cancel, the tax certificates used by the taxpayers to issue deductible tax receipts.

The objective of this legislative decision is to broaden the legal spectrum on which the tax authorities will be able to obstruct the billing cycle of companies, as this has proven effective in compelling taxpayers to regularise their tax situation.

However, some of the new powers introduced into tax law could be very dangerous for companies and may become an instrument for some inexcusable abuses from the tax authorities.

Background

Since 2014, the tax authorities in Mexico were entitled to cancel the certificates used by the companies to issue tax receipts in four scenarios: (i) the omission of three or more tax returns; (ii) the disappearance of the taxpayer during an administrative enforcement proceeding or tax audit; (iii) simulation or false operations detected during a tax audit or (iv) infringements relating to the Federal Taxpayer,s Registry, tax returns or accounting records.

Back then, the tax authorities were able to cancel the tax certificates unilaterally, without any previous procedure, and the taxpayers were obliged to request a new tax certificate, with prior demonstration that the supposed irregularity noted by the tax authorities was already offset.

As a consequence of several objections regarding the lack of legal framework to avoid the cancellation of tax certificates, in January 2020 a new procedure was introduced. Under this procedure, the tax certificate can still be used while the taxpayer tries to demonstrate before the tax authorities that the supposed irregularities did not take place.

In that sense, the taxpayer has now the opportunity to defend itself before the tax authorities, prior the cancellation of its tax certificate. However, once such procedure ends, the tax certificate gets cancelled and the taxpayer is compelled to litigate against the invalidation of its tax certificate before the tax courts, being unable, in the meantime, to issue tax receipts during the trial.

Approach to the problem

The new regulation has some serious implications because, although the taxpayer will have the opportunity to explain or refute the irregularity observed during an explanatory procedure, once such procedure concludes, if the tax authorities did not agree with the taxpayer’s arguments, it will have to litigate its case before the tax courts with no possibility to continue issuing tax receipts.

Under these circumstances, some taxpayers could be unable to carry on any further judicial procedure against the invalidation of their tax certificates, as their activity will be completely paralysed as a consequence of the impossibility of issuing tax receipts.

Therefore, the measure under analysis could make it virtually impossible to prosecute the tax authorities for the potential illegal cancellation of a tax certificate.

New scenarios

The situation gets worse if we consider that, in the newest modifications to the Mexican Federal Tax Code, the legislative branch included several new potential scenarios in which the tax authority can restrict, and eventually cancel, the certificates used by taxpayers to issue tax receipts.

The new scenarios are: (i) the issuance of a negative resolution of a procedure to determine the non-existence of operations for tax purposes; (ii) the designation of an incorrect tax domicile; (iii) discrepancies between tax returns and tax receipts; (iv) the designation of false or incorrect contact data and (v) the improper transmission of tax losses.

Consequently, it is almost certain that the cancellation of tax certificates will increase as a measure to fight improper conduct by taxpayers.

The collateral damage will be that several taxpayers could receive illegal resolutions determining some of these new irregularities, and they will be obliged to fight such illegal resolutions before the tax courts with no possibility to continue issuing, in the meantime, tax receipts.

These circumstances could seriously affect the taxpayer’s right to an effective defence, as they will be unable to continue their billing cycle during the whole judicial process.

Conclusions and remedies

Traditionally, the tax courts have considered that no precautionary measure was appropriate against the cancelation of a tax certificate, as a consequence of the importance of fighting tax avoidance.

However, given the gradual increase in cases in which the tax authority can invalidate a tax certificate it would be valuable to reconsider such stance, as precautionary measures against illegal resolutions issued by the tax authorities could become very important to guarantee the taxpayer’s right to a legal defence (given the fact that, a taxpayer who cannot issue tax receipts could be unable to prosecute all the corresponding legal actions before the tax court).

Additionally, given the serious implications of the cancellation of tax certificates, taxpayers and their legal advisers should be very scrupulous during the explanatory procedure against the temporary restriction of a tax certificate because, as said before, it will be the only chance to demonstrate the illegality of the observations of the tax authority, prior to the cancellation of the tax certificate.

Finally, in case of any contingency derived from the cancellation of a tax certificate, constitutional measures such as an amparo lawsuit should be considered, although – once again – the main problem will be the difficulty of enduring the whole constitutional process with no possibility of issuing tax receipts.

Therefore, in this case, the taxpayer’s right to an effective legal defence rests, fundamentally, in the willingness of the courts to grant precautionary measures against potentially illegal resolutions issued by the tax authorities.

Copyrights to work made for hire under Norwegian law

Intellectual property rights are of increasing importance, and for some companies, their most valuable assets. In fact, among S&P 500 companies, the proportion of the company value attributable to intellectual capital (of which intellectual property rights (IPR) are often the most important) is as high as 87%. Although the importance of intangible assets relative to tangible assets may vary, a thorough understanding of the importance of an efficient intellectual property management policy is valuable for all companies. A central part of any intellectual property policy is the relationship between the company and the persons (actual or legal) who generate the IPR – typically being the company’s employees/consultants and contractors. Continue reading “Copyrights to work made for hire under Norwegian law”

The risk-based approach under the GDPR and Swiss data protection laws

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Revised Swiss Data Protection Act (revised FADP) embrace a risk-based approach to data protection. Organisations that control the processing of personal data (controllers) are encouraged to implement protective measures corresponding to the level of risk of their data processing activities. Continue reading “The risk-based approach under the GDPR and Swiss data protection laws”